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Microscale
chemistry experimentation (MCE) started in research work at the
University of Graz / Austria:
Emich (1860 - 1940) developed
techniques mainly for anorganic micro analysis. Based on this work Pregl
(1869 - 1930) downscaled Liebig´s quantitative analysis of elements
in organic substances to the milligram range. The Kuhlmann scale with a
sensibility of 1 µg and a maximal load of 20 g was a key to this
success which was awarded by the Nobel price in 1923.
New
approaches in teaching chemistry in microscale were developed by
Grey
in Egypt (1928). Starting in the 1980s it spread over the world. 1981:
Microscale Chemistry Experimentation in China (Zhou),
1985 Mayo, Pike,
Butcher, Trumper (Bowdin College, Maine) and
Williamson (Mount Holyoke College, MA), 1988: Microscale Chemistry Experimentation
for Egyptian Teacher Students (El-Marsafy).
In 1993 the "National
Microscale Chemistry Center (NMC2) was established (at Merrimack College
in North Andover, MA / USA) to promote the use of microscale chemistry
as a means of eliminating toxic waste at the source. Its major initial
focus is the offering of workshops, seminars and publications on the operation
and advantages of conversion of laboratories to the microscale level."
For two decades NMC2 trained teachers from USA, Africa, Asia spreading
MCE all over the world:
Microscale Centers in Austria
(Obendrauf), Germany (Köhler-Krützfeld,
Habelitz-Tkotz,
Schwarz,
Wloka),
Hongkong (W.H. Chan, K.M. Chan), Israel (M.
Livneh, Z. Livneh, Hugerat),
Japan (Ogino), Macedonia (Najdoski),
Mexico (Ibanez), South Africa (Bradley,
DuToit), Sweden (Gruvberg), UK
(Breuer).
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first
publication: 1999 l..l...last
modification: 28.01.2011 l..l..l.
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